{"id":4724,"date":"2021-03-28T06:31:27","date_gmt":"2021-03-28T06:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arhiv.mk\/?page_id=4724"},"modified":"2021-03-28T07:52:45","modified_gmt":"2021-03-28T07:52:45","slug":"izlozbi-makedonija-niz-vekovite","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/arhiv.mk\/en\/izlozbi-makedonija-niz-vekovite\/","title":{"rendered":"Izlozbi – Makedonija niz vekovite"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Macedonia throughout the centuries<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Macedonia in the Antiquity<\/h3>

(from the 1st millenium B.C.E. until the end of 6th century)<\/h5>

Macedonia (lat. Macedonia) is a country in the central eastern region of the Balkan Peninsula. In the Antiquity it bordered Thrace to the northeast, Illyricum and Epirus to northwest and west, and Thessaly (Greece) to the south. The territory of Macedonia, ever since the first millennium B.C.E., was populated by Macedonian tribes, population which represented a Thracian-Illyrian ethnic symbiosis.<\/p>

In the first half of the 7th century B.C.E., the king Perdiccas established the first state at the territory of Macedonia. The Macedonian state achieved the greatest affirmation in the 4th century B.C.E., during the reign of Phillip II (359-336 B.C.E.), when he conquered the Greek states, and of Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E.), who succeeded in transforming the small Macedonian state into an empire spreading on three continents. In the new territories he introduced the Greek culture, creating a new cultural universe, known in the history as the period of Hellenistic culture. Alexander the Great succeeded in creating this empire through the strength of his abilities and of the Macedonian army (known as the Macedonian Phalange), after the victories in the battels of Granicus (334 B.C.E.), Issus (333 B.C.E.), Gaugamela (331 B.C.E.), etc.<\/p>

After the death of Alexander the Great, the great Macedonia Empire started to gradually dissolve. In 148 B.C.E., after the three Macedonian-Roman wars, Macedonia became a Roman province. In the period of the Roman reign, an appropriate economic and cultural life developed here. With the division of the Roman Empire in 395 C.E. into the West and East Empire, Macedonia became a part of Byzantium.<\/p>

MACEDONIA FROM THE ARRIVAL OF THE SLAVS TO ITS OTTOMAN CONQUEST<\/h3>

(from the end of 6th to 14th century)<\/h5>

Towards the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century, Macedonia was massively populated by Slavic tribes - Dragovites, Velegesites, Berzites, Sagudati, Rihnites and others. Macedonia was Slavicized by the assimilation of the small remaining pre-Slavic population and the so-called \"Sclavini\". In the 9th century, the Macedonian population was Christianized. In early feudalism, the country was shaken by strong religious and anti-feudal movements (the Bogomil movement).<\/p>

During the period of early feudalism in Macedonia, culture and literacy developed strongly. The Thessaloniki brothers Cyril and Methodius created the Slavic alphabet, and Kliment Ohridski organizes a large literary school in Ohrid (with about 3500 students). During the period of Emperor Samuel (969-1018), a powerful feudal state centered in Macedonia was formed. Samuel's state, in addition to Macedonia and parts of Bulgaria, included parts of Serbia, Albania, Greece (Thessaly and Epirus), Bosnia and Herzegovina. After 1018, Macedonia fell under Byzantine rule. The Ohrid archdiocese continued its church activity.<\/p>

During the period of feudalism in Macedonia, ecclesiastical buildings (churches and monasteries) were built, which today are real architectural pearls (St. Sophia, St. Clement, St. Naum, St. Panteleimon, St. Jovan Bigorski, Lesnovo Monastery, etc.). During the Middle Ages (1282 -1371), Macedonia was also under Serbian rule for a while.<\/p>

MACEDONIA IN THE OTTOMAN PERIOD<\/h3>

(1371-1912)<\/h5>

After the Battle of Mari\u010dka (1371), Macedonia fell under Turkish-Ottoman rule, which lasted until 1912. With the arrival of the Ottomans, the ethnic map of Macedonia underwent enormous changes, as a result of the forced emigration of the Macedonian population, the Turkish colonization and the Islamization of part of the Macedonian population.<\/p>

The resistance of the Macedonian people during the period of the Turkish-Ottoman rule was most often manifested through popular uprisings: the Karposhovo (1689), the Razlovechko (1876) and the Kresnenskogo (1878). Towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, a strong process of cultural and political emancipation of the Macedonian population, as well as the affirmation of the Macedonian national consciousness, was observed. It is the period of national and cultural revival, led by the brothers Dimitar and Konstantin Miladinov, Grigor Prli\u010dev, Gjorgia Puleski, Krste Misirkov and others.<\/p>

In parallel with the cultural emancipation, the process of the political emancipation of the Macedonian people took place. In 1893, the foundations of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (VMORO, VMRO) were laid. The goal of the organization was to achieve the political autonomy of Macedonia through a revolution. The activity of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization culminated with the great Ilinden Uprising and the Krusevo Republic in 1903.<\/p>

After the Ilinden Uprising, the Balkan states (Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece) intensified their activity \u2013 educational, ecclesiastical, as well as armed, by sending troops to Macedonia.<\/p>

The position of Macedonia did not improve during or after the Young Turk Revolution (1908), and the attempts of the major European powers to reform Macedonia also did not yield the desired results.<\/p>

MACEDONIA IN THE PERIOD OF THE BALKANS AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR<\/h3>

(1912 – 1918)<\/h5>

The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) were aimed at expelling the Turkish-Ottoman power from the Balkan Peninsula. Before the beginning of the First Balkan War, the Balkan states developed extensive diplomatic activity, which culminated in the creation of the Balkan Union between Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro (1912), whose goal was the division of Macedonia.<\/p>

In the First Balkan War (October 1912), the member states of the Balkan Union inflicted severe defeats on Turkey. The Macedonian population, supporting the allied armies, organized 90 armed companies through the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, and around 15,000 people joined the so-called Macedonian-Odrina militia.<\/p>

Misunderstandings between the allies about the division of the conquered territories was the reason for the Second Balkan War between Bulgaria, on the one hand, and Serbia, Greece, Romania, Turkey and Montenegro on the other (June-August 1913). Bulgaria was quickly defeated and forced to accept the Peace of Bucharest (August 1913), by which Macedonia was divided between Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria.<\/p>

During the First World War (1914-1918), Macedonia was again the theater of military operations between the Central Powers and the Entente Powers. Almost a million soldiers of the opposing military alliances fought on the Macedonian front. The First World War, as well as the Balkan Wars, had severe political, ethnic and economic consequences for Macedonia, and the Macedonian population was subjected to a policy of genocide and ethnic cleansing from the Macedonian area. The Paris Peace Agreements confirmed the division of Macedonia with the Bucharest Peace Agreement, with minor territorial concessions.<\/p>

MACEDONIA IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS<\/h3>

(1919 – 1941)<\/h5>

With the Balkan Wars and the Bucharest Peace Treaty, Macedonia was divided between Greece (the Aegean part of Macedonia, 34,356 km2), Serbia (the Vardar part of Macedonia, 25,713 km2), Bulgaria (the Pyrenean part of Macedonia, 6,798 km2) and later Albania, which received a small part of the Macedonian territory (Dolna Prespa).<\/p>

With the territorial division of Macedonia, the Balkan states began to implement a policy of denationalization and assimilation of the Macedonian population. The Macedonian name, the Macedonian language and the Macedonian national cultural and historical traditions were banned.<\/p>

At the same time, with the policy of denationalization and assimilation, the Balkan states implemented a policy of persecution of the Macedonian population and colonization of the native (non-Macedonian) population in Macedonia, with the desire to change its ethnic composition. In a short historical period, 130,000 Macedonians were expelled from Macedonia and 718,000 people of foreign origin were colonized in their place (618,000 different Christian population in the Aegean part of Macedonia and 100,000 Serbs in the Vardar part of Macedonia).<\/p>

The Macedonian people, through the Macedonian national movement (the communist left and VMRO-United), gave strong resistance to the policy of assimilation and denationalization, affirming the Macedonian nation and the Macedonian language. Also, the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (VMRO) prevented the Serbian policy of colonization of Macedonia through the Comite activity.<\/p>

In this period, Macedonian national political thought and Macedonian national cultural values were affirmed through the press, plays, and poetry collections in the Macedonian language and with the establishment of the Macedonian Literary Circle in Sofia (1938).<\/p>

MACEDONIA DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR<\/h3>

(1941-1945)<\/h5>

During the Second World War (1941-1945), Macedonia was again divided between fascist Germany, Italy and imperial Bulgaria. Bulgaria annexes most of Macedonia: parts of Aegean Macedonia (up to the river Struma) and parts of Vardar Macedonia; Italy annexes the western part of Macedonia and the western parts of Aegean Macedonia; central Macedonia (with Thessaloniki) remained under German and Greek administration.<\/p>

In the Second World War, the Macedonian people actively participated in the anti-fascist struggle. Partisan and military detachments were formed under the leadership of the Provincial Committee of the CPJ, and at the end of the war, battalions, divisions, and corps. Almost 70,000 Macedonians participated in the anti-fascist struggle in the Vardar, Aegean and Pirin parts of Macedonia, and more than 17,000 gave their lives for the freedom of the Macedonian people. The Jewish population also suffered in the war. Almost 53,000 Jews from Macedonia (46,000 from Aegean and 7,000 from Vardar) were rounded up and sent to fascist death camps (Birkenaj and Treblinka).<\/p>

During the Second World War, the Macedonian national-linguistic values were affirmed: 50 newspapers were published in the Macedonian language, the Macedonian alphabet was created, the first Macedonian schools were opened, the Macedonian language was also introduced in worship. On August 2, 1944, at the First ASNOM meeting held in the monastery. \"St. Prohor Pcinjski\", the foundations of the first Macedonian national state within Yugoslavia were laid.<\/p>

MACEDONIA IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD<\/h3>

(1945-1991)<\/h5>

After the formation of the Macedonian state, the process of national-cultural affirmation of the Macedonian people began, as well as the rise of the economy and industry. The state infrastructure is formed, the Macedonian language is codified and the Macedonian national-cultural institutions are formed (University \"St. Cyril and Methodius\", the Institute of the Macedonian Language, the State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia, the Institute of National History, the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts) . In 1967, the autocephaly of the Macedonian Orthodox Church was proclaimed, etc.<\/p>

The introduction of the one-party political system and the abolition of the market economy and political freedoms, however, had a negative impact on the overall social, political and democratic development of the Macedonian state.<\/p>

After 1945, Bulgaria changed its position regarding the Macedonian national question. In the Pirin part of Macedonia, in the period of the so-called cultural autonomy (1946-1948), the Macedonian nation was recognized, the Macedonian language was introduced into the teaching process, a Macedonian theater was established and Macedonian bookstores were opened.<\/p>

After the agreement of Varkiza (1945), the Macedonian name and the Macedonian language were again banned in Greece and the Greek authorities implemented a policy of white terror against the Macedonians. Because of that, the Macedonians massively participated in the Civil War (1946-1949) on the side of the Democratic Army of Greece (DAG). After the defeat of DAG, almost 55,000 Macedonians, including 28,000 children, were forced to seek salvation in Eastern European countries, and 20,000 Macedonians gave their lives.<\/p>

In Albania, after 1945 Macedonians were recognized as a Macedonian national minority and the Macedonian language was introduced into the teaching process.<\/p>

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AS AN INDEPENDENT AND SOVEREIGN STATE<\/h3>

(1991 – 1995)<\/h5>

After the falling of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Macedonia proclaimed itself an independent state. On September 8, 1991, a referendum was organized, in which the Macedonian people declared by plebiscite for an independent and sovereign Macedonian state. On November 17, 1991, the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia adopted the Constitution, which was solemnly proclaimed on November 20 of the same year.<\/p>

After the proclamation of independence, the process of international recognition of the Republic of Macedonia began. Due to the obstacles from the Republic of Greece (the non-recognition of the state name, language and flag), the Republic of Macedonia became a member of the United Nations (UN), the European Council and other international organizations under the FIROM reference. The Republic of Macedonia has established diplomatic relations with many countries in the world, of which the majority of them (79 countries) recognized it under its constitutional name - the Republic of Macedonia.<\/p>

The Republic of Macedonia is developing as a democratic and civil state. After the democratization of the pluralist political system, the economy is oriented and organized on the principles of the market economy, with all the difficulties specific to the economic-political transition from one system to another. The foreign policy of the Republic of Macedonia is a policy of cooperation and understanding with all neighbors and is a factor of peace and stability in the Balkans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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